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Mediastinal emphysema occurs when air leaks into the mediastinum, the area in the chest between the lungs. This condition can arise from various causes, such as a tear in the airways, trauma, or certain lung conditions. One critical concern with mediastinal emphysema is the potential for air to enter the bloodstream, which can lead to an air embolism. An air embolism happens when air bubbles obstruct blood vessels, which can be life-threatening.

Treatment for a victim suspected of having mediastinal emphysema typically involves addressing the air that has entered the mediastinum and the risk it poses for progression to an air embolism. This might include administering oxygen, monitoring vital signs, and seeking further medical intervention to ensure the air is reabsorbed or removed safely, thereby preventing complications such as an air embolism.